نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری تاریخ ایران قبل از اسلام، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 استاد گروه تاریخ، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه تاریخ، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

در متون بازمانده از عصر کلاسیک یونان (حدود 507-323پ.م) به واژه‌ای پُربسامد -به‌ویژه برای اشاره به پارسیان هخامنشی- برمی‌خوریم که امروز هم در ادبیات سیاسی جهان کاربرد دارد: «بربر» یا براساس تلفظ تاریخی آن، «بَربَرُس» (βάρβαρος). این واژه که نخستین ‌بار در سرود دوم از «ایلیاد» هومر به‌ صورت βαρβαρόφωνος (= بربر-زبان/ بربر-آوا) برای اشاره به کاریاییان به ‌کار رفته است، تنها دلالت بر «ناهم‌سانیِ زبانی» داشت و «بیگانه» معنا می‌داد. طی سدۀ هفتم تا ششم پیش ‌از‌ میلاد، استعمال این واژه فزونی یافت و از آن نه ‌تنها برای «دیگری‌سازی»[1] زبانی، بلکه برای اشاره به «تمایزاتِ فرهنگی» و «ارزش‌گذاری نظام اجتماعی اغیار» استفاده شد. در پژوهش پیش ‌رو، نگارندگان بر آن بوده‌اند تا با تدقیق در ایلیاد هومر و پاره‌نوشته‌های یونانی بازمانده از سدۀ ششم پیش ‌از ‌میلاد (عصر عتیق: حدود 800-507پ.م)، دلالت‌های معنایی واژۀ بربر را -به‌ مثابه مفهومی غیریّت‌ساز- وا پژوهیده، نقاط عطف تحول آن را برجسته سازند. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر که با تکیه بر منابع کتابخانه‌ای و با بهره‌گیری از روش تبیین عقلانی فراهم آمده، نشان می‌دهد که واژۀ بربر از همان سپیده‌دمان یادکردش در چکامۀ هومر، با دلالت‌های (تلویحاً یا صراحتاً) منفی عجین بوده است. همچنین با اصلاحات سولون در آتن و رشد فزایندۀ «به‌‌بردگی‌‌گیری» غیریونانیان در جهان یونانی سدۀ ششم پیش ‌از‌ میلاد، رفته‌رفته مرز میان دو مفهوم «بربر» و «برده» برداشته شد و تحقیر «بردگان بربر» به شکل‌گیری ایدۀ «برتری یونانی بر غیریونانی» انجامید.
 
[1]. Othering

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Rethinking on the Evolution of the Concept of “Barbarian” in Archaic Greece: From the Trojan War to Greco-Persian Wars

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amirhossein Moghaddas 1
  • Morteza DehghanNezhad 2
  • Esmaeil Sangari 3

1 PhD Student of History of Ancient Iran, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

In the surviving texts from the classical period of Greece, we come across a common word-especially in reference to the Achaemenid Persians-that is still used in the political literature of the contemporary world: Barbarian, derived from the Greek word βάρβαρος. This word, first used in the second book of Homer's Iliad as βαρβαρόφωνος (= speaking a foreign language), indicated only linguistic heterogeneity and meant stranger. Between the 7th and 6th centuries BC, the use of this word increased and it was used not only for linguistic "othering" but also to refer to cultural differences and appreciation of the social system of non-Greeks. In the upcoming study, the authors aimed to analyze the semantic implications of the word βάρβαρος and highlight the turning points of its development by scrutinizing Homer's Iliad and other preserved fragments from the 6th century BC (Archaic period). The results of the present study, based on library sources, show that the word βάρβαρος has been associated with negative connotations (implicit or explicit) since the beginning of its existence in Homer's poetry. Moreover, with Solon's reforms in Athens and the increasing enslavement of non-Greeks in the Greek world of the 6th century BC, the boundary between the two terms "barbarian" and "slave" was gradually erased, and the humiliation of barbarian slaves led to the emergence of the idea of "Greek superiority over non-Greeks."

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ancient Greece
  • Othering
  • Barbarian
  • Slave
  • Homer
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