نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه تاریخ دانشگاه لرستان، لرستان، ایران

چکیده

نوعثمانیان طیفی از متفکران تجددگرا بودند که مسئلة افول عثمانی را در قالب تازه‌ای صورت‌بندی کردند. چهره‌های تراز اول این جریان با محوریت نامق کمال در جهت علت‌شناسی این مسئلة گام برداشتند؛ به همین منظور آنان از ادبیات به‌مثابة یک ابزار سنتی بهره گرفتند و قالب‌های مدرنی چون نمایشنامه را کارآمد یافتند. در پژوهش حاضر کوشش شده است با تمرکز بر دو نمونه از این نمایشنامه‌ها، درک نامق کمال از مسئلة افول عثمانی بررسی شود. پرسش محوری پژوهش ناظر بر واکاوی نگرش این اندیشمند شاخص ترک به مقولة بحران در عثمانی، عوامل زمینه‌ساز این بحران و راهکاری است که وی از رهگذر ادبیات نمایشنامه‌ای برای حل آن پیشنهاد کرده است. به این منظور، محتوای ادبی نمایشنامه‌ها درون بافتار زمانی آن، بر پایة اطلاعات و شواهد تاریخی، تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. بررسی زمینه‌مند محتوای این دو نمایشنامه نشان می‌دهد که از نظر نامق کمال، راهبرد توسعه‌طلبانة روسیة تزاری، به‌مثابة عامل خارجی، سهم محوری در بروز بحران مذکور داشته است. بازتاب ادبی این نگرش را می‌توان در نمایشنامة وطن یا سیلیستره رصد کرد. این نمایشنامه را می‌توان تلاش نامق کمال برای بازآرایی مفهوم وطن از رهگذر بازخوانی گذشتة شکوهمند عثمانی از منظر گفتمان ناسیونالیسم رمانتیک قلمداد کرد. بُعد دیگر درک نامق کمال از عوامل بحران در عثمانی، سرشت درون‌نگر دارد و ناظر بر نقد استبداد دستگاه حاکمه است. این بُعد در نمایشنامة گل‌نهال بازتاب یافته و جلوه‌ای از نگرش انتقادی متفکران تجددگرای عثمانی به ساختار سیاسی این دولت در نیمة دوم سدة نوزدهم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Namık Kemal’s “Râz-e Del”: Decline of Ottoman Empire as reflected in the plays “Vatan Yahut Silistre” and Gülnihal”

نویسنده [English]

  • Tooran Toolabi

Professor, Department of History, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

چکیده [English]

The “Young Ottomans” as an intellectual movement in the Ottoman Empire dealt with the issue of decline. Namık Kemal, the most prominent figure in this society wrote a number of works in which he reflected on this problem. Namık Kemal focused on this issue and tried to find an approach to understanding the Ottoman problems through various works, including plays. In two critical examples, namely “Vatan Yahut Silistre” and “Gülnihal”, Namık Kemal tried to find a way out for the crisis-stricken Ottoman Empire. This article deals with Namık Kemal’s attitude toward decline. In Vatan, Namık Kemal has considered the role of the foreign dimension of Ottoman decline. It seems that Vatan is an example of the romantic nationalism with which Namık Kemal  tried to restore the lost pride of the Ottomans. In contrast, in Gülnihal he has paid attention to despotism. In other words, Kemal was aware of both the internal and external problems that had put the Ottoman Empire in a precarious position. In both plays, Namık Kemal has resorted to romantic stories to express his point of views. The findings of this study suggests that, the most central issue for Namık Kemal has been protection of idea of Ottoman Empire.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Namık Kemal
  • Vatan Yahut Silistre
  • Gülnihal
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Decline
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Milgrim, Michael R, “An Overlooked Problem in Turkish-Russian Relations: The 1878 War Indemnity”, IJMES, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Nov., 1978), p.519.
Pamuk, Şevket, “The Ottoman Empire in “Great Depression” of 1873- 1896”, JEH, Vol. 44, No. 1(1984), pp.107-108.
Rahme, Joseph G.,Namik “Kemal’s Constitutional Ottomanism and Non-Muslims”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 10:1, 23-49
Temperley, Harold, “British policy towards parliamentary rule and constitutionalism in Turkey(1830- 1914) “, CHJ, Vol. 4, No. 2(1933), p.167.
Leerssen, J. Notes towards definition of Romantic Nationalism, Romantic, 2(1);
Leerssen, Josep, Viral Nationalism: Romantic Intellectuals on the move in nineteenth century Europe, Nations and Nationalism, 17(2), 2011;
Yetişgin, Memet, The Ottoman way of governing mutli- ethnic and multi- religious commuities, OTAM Dergisi (Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi), 2007, sayı 21, pp. 135-167;
Yosmaoğlu, Ipek. K, “Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire”, 1876-1913, The Turkish Studies Association Journal, 2003, Vol. 27, No. ½, pp. 17-19;
Ziya Paşa, Rüya, in: Kaplan, Mehmet, Engingün, Inci, Birol, Emel (1993). Yeni Türk Edebiyati Antolojisi II, İstanbul, 2.baskı, Marmara Üniversitesi, ss. 109-128.