History of Islam and Iran

With the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly, it was expected that with the approval of the budget as the most important financial document of ... Read More With the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly, it was expected that with the approval of the budget as the most important financial document of the country, a positive change in the financial structure of Iran compared to before the Constitution is been made. The method of approving the budget was specified in the constitution, but it was confronted with many challenges and obstacles. So the research question is what the methods and challenges of budget approval were and to what extent these methods were in line with modern budget principles and the constitution. The findings of the study indicate that the parliament could not approve a single budget in twenty years, from the constitution to the extinction of the Qajar dynasty, in accordance with the constitution and modern budget principles. The most important reasons for the non-approval of the budget can be included the lack of seriousness of the government in presenting the budget, the instability of the government, the interference of external factors and the closure of the parliament. However, given the challenges they faced, the government and parliament offered other ways to approve the budget. The first parliament was in the process of transitioning from traditional budgeting to modern budgeting, which practically followed the same method of traditional budgeting incompletely. The government prepared an incomplete budget in the second parliament, which was not approved by the parliament, and in the third parliament, the government failed to present a budget to the parliament. In the fourth and fifth terms, the parliament showed more cooperation with the government, and the parliament approved the budgets by the four-wall and one-twelfth methods. The method of preparing and compiling the research is documentary and library, and with a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the challenges and variable methods of budget approval.

Scientific-Research

Sassanids' rule over Syria during the reign of Khosrow Parviz (604-628 AD)

Ahmad Alhawwat; MohammadTaghi Imanpour

Volume 32, Issue 53 , April 2022, Pages 31-54

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2022.38245.2564

Abstract

Sassanids' rule over Syria during the reign of Khosrow Parviz (604-628 AD) has been discussed by scholars of ancient history over the past hundred years. Many of them believed that ... Read More

Scientific-Research

Farrah i Bānōg i Gïhān/ Hazār Nowrūz va Mihrgān

Shahram Jalilian

Volume 32, Issue 53 , April 2022, Pages 55-77

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2022.37935.2545

Abstract

Some words or phrases in Middle Persian or Dari Persian languages are occasionally mentioned in Arabic sources of the early Islamic centuries that are of great value for research on ... Read More

Scientific-Research

Akhbārīsm and Anti-rational Theme: Re-Considering a Misconception

Mahdi Hoseinzadeh Yazdi; Koosha Vatankhah

Volume 32, Issue 53 , April 2022, Pages 79-100

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2022.36541.2488

Abstract

Akhbārīsm as a jurisprudential school within Imami scholarship came into existence in the 11thAH/17thAD century and caused many long-standing changes in the history of Imami ijtihad. ... Read More Akhbārīsm as a jurisprudential school within Imami scholarship came into existence in the 11thAH/17thAD century and caused many long-standing changes in the history of Imami ijtihad. Accordingly, the majority of research projects into Iran’s history include a chapter concerned with the Usūli-Akhbārī conflict. Akhbari studies is a field wherein many researchers from various academic backgrounds have contributions who, despite differences in perspectives and projects, share some themes amongst which anti-rationality is the most important and the most re-producing one.A group of researchers treat Akhbārīs as opponents not only to usūl al-fiqh but also philosophy, theology, and theoretical mysticism and at a higher level to every genre of argumentation and reasoning while in some cases they step forward to basically opposing thinking of any kind. A group of researchers attribute some essentialities to the school and put it in the same line with sedentary style of thinking while others suggest that Akhbārī thought was good enough to suppress popular movements. A group of researchers compare this school, in epistemology and methodology, with Salafism, Scripturalism, and Literalism. Anti-rational theme is extensively repeated across different research projects to the extent that it has now become a cliché preventing researchers from a descent observation. In this way the constructive role of the Akhbārī thought and the necessary function performed by Akhbārī ulama in the history of Shi’ite jurisprudence is being neglected. Putting anti-rational theme at the centre of the study and in order to open up a new horizon for Akhbārī literature, this paper is devoted to an evaluation of the works of eight scholars who actively took part in the formation of Akhbārī literature. In doing so, the article attempts to challenge the existing style of interpretation dominant over studies concerned with Akhbārīsm.

Scientific-Research

Motives and goals of establishing British consulate in Mashhad during the Qajar period

Reza Sehhat Manesh

Volume 32, Issue 53 , April 2022, Pages 101-127

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2021.37482.2521

Abstract

During the Qajar period, Britain and Russia established a consulate in Iran based on the Kāmelat al-Wadād (Most-favored-Nations Clause) concession. Consulates were usually set up ... Read More

Scientific-Research

Commercial Tolerance; The Analysis of the Effect of the Sogdians’ Morale in trade on the Propagation of Various Religions in Transoxiana and China

Ali Alibabaee Dermeni

Volume 32, Issue 53 , April 2022, Pages 129-149

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2022.37083.2504

Abstract

With the burgeoning of the Silk Road from the first century AD, the Sogdians whose land, in Transoxiana, was located along this trade road, became traders, and traveled to other lands ... Read More

Scientific-Research

Coinage System and Money Exchanges in Timurid Dynasty (With an emphasis on the eastern territory of Iran)

Nasrin Mirahkorloo; Mahbobeh Sharafi

Volume 32, Issue 53 , April 2022, Pages 151-179

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2021.34713.2405

Abstract

The Coinage system in the Timurid dynasty as in other governmental dynasties provides valuable information about the political power and the influence of governors. Relatively, it indicates ... Read More

History of Islam and Iran

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Volume & Issue: Volume 32, Issue 53 - Serial Number 143, April 2022, Pages 11-179 (Spring 2022)

Investigating the Challenges and Variable Methods of Budget Approval in Iran (from the Constitution to the End of the Qajar Government)

Abstract

Sassanids' rule over Syria during the reign of Khosrow Parviz (604-628 AD)

Abstract

Farrah i Bānōg i Gïhān/ Hazār Nowrūz va Mihrgān

Abstract

Akhbārīsm and Anti-rational Theme: Re-Considering a Misconception

Abstract

Motives and goals of establishing British consulate in Mashhad during the Qajar period

Abstract

Commercial Tolerance; The Analysis of the Effect of the Sogdians’ Morale in trade on the Propagation of Various Religions in Transoxiana and China

Abstract

Coinage System and Money Exchanges in Timurid Dynasty (With an emphasis on the eastern territory of Iran)

Abstract