Document Type : Scientific-Research
Authors
1 Ph.D. in History of Iran after Islam, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
Abstract
The stability of traditional relations and the lack of development of the economic structure in the Qajar period were among the causes of the decline and the occurrence of social and economic crises. This disorder affected various groups and led to difficulties in livelihood and life matters. As one of the lower groups of the society, the theologians learned science under the supervision and support of the religious schools, and often lived on religious funds, but the economic crises directly affected the lives of the theologians by decreasing the general income of the society and as a result of the lack of funds, and led them to earn unconventional incomes. In Zanjan, Jameh Mosque, as the most important and largest religious school, had the largest number of theologians, and they, like other areas, faced challenges and livelihood problems. This study raises the question is raised that due to the unfavorable state of the economy in the Qajar period, how and by what (unconventional) methods the theologians of the Jameh Mosque earned a living and what obstacles and challenges they faced. The hypothesis of the research is that the scholars and other groups claimed to be close and dependent on the site of the mosque’s endowment income, which included the school status of the school and the payment of teachers and students’ salaries, and aimed at addressing the challenge of the challenge. The livelihood helped them against the claimants. According to the findings, during the difficult years of life, the Theologues met the needs of life by taking over government jobs, propaganda, advertising, codification in the villages, creating chaos, interference with town hall and dependence on the Shari’a courts. This article has investigated the issue in a descriptive and explanatory way by using library resources and documents of governmental, private and private organizations, articles and manuscripts.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Adamiyat, Fereydun (2006), The Political Of Reform In Iran(1858_1880), Third Edition, Tehran: ḵārazmī.
Amirahmadi, Houshang (2018), Iran’s Political Economy in the Qajar Era: Society, Politics Economics and Foreign Relations from 1796 to 1926, Tehran: Gostareh.
Aubin, Eugene (1983), La perse daujourd hui Iran mesopotamie, Translated by Ali Asghar Saeedi, First Edition, Tehran: Zavār.
Bakhtiari, Mohammad, Abadian, Hossein and Yousefifar, Shahram (2014), “The Kadkhoda Position in Rural Community of Qajar Period”, Journal of the History of Islam and Iran, AlZahra University, Vol. 24, No. 22 (Serial 112), pp. 47-77.
Baṣīr ul-Molk Šaybānī (1995), Rūznāmeh-ye Ḵāṭerāt-e Baṣīr ul-Molk (1301_1306), by Iraj Afshar and Mohammad Rasoul Daryagasht, First Edition, Tehran: Donyā-ye ketāb.
Detailed Negotiations of the National Consultative Assembly: Negotiations from the First to the Twenty-Fourth Period (2014), Electronic Tablet, Tehran: Publication of the Library of the Museum and Documentation Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
Dolatabadi, Yahya (2008), The Life of Yahya, Volume One, Correction-Commentary and Reflections of Mojtaba Barzabadi Farahani, Second Edition, Tehran: Ferdūs.
Eghbal Ashtiani, Abbas (2008), Yādegār Magazine: ‘Olamā-ye Emāmīyya “Ḥoǰatoleslām Ḥāǰ Seyyed Moḥammad Bāqer šaftī (1180-1260 AH)”, by Abdolkarim Jorbozehdar, 5th year, first edition, Tehran: Asāṭīr.
Eḥtešām-ul-Salṭaneh, Moḥammad Maḥmūd (2013), Ḵāṭerāt-e Eḥtešām-al-Salṭaneh, by Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Mousavi, First Edition, Tehran: Zavvār.
Eʿtemād-ul-Salṭaneh, Moḥammad Ḥasan (1978), Sadr al-tavārīḵ yā tārīḵ-e ḵoṭūṭ-e āḡāz-e ʿaẓīm al-molk wa ḥokkām-e aḥādī-e az ṣāḥeb-e Qāǧārīya, edited by Mohammad Moshiri, Tehran: Roozbehan.
Eʿtemād-ul-Salṭaneh, Moḥammad Ḥasan(1989) Merāt ul-Boldān, Volume 4, edited by Abdolhossein Navaei and Mir Hashem Mohaddeth, Tehran: University of Tehran.
Eʿteżād-al- Salṭaneh, ‘Alī Qolī Mīrzā (1991), Eksīr ul-Tavārīḵ: Tārīḵ-e Qāǰārīye az Āḡāz tā 1259, edited by Jamshid Kianfar, Tehran: Šahnāmeh.
Feuvrier, Joannès (2006), Trois Ans a La Cour de Perse, Translated by Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani, First Edition, Tehran: ‘Elm.
Ḥāǰ Sayyāḥ (1977), Ḵāṭerāt-e Ḥāǰ Sayyāḥ yā Dore-ye ḵof va Vaḥšat, by Hamid Sayyah, edited by Saifullah Golkar, Tehran: Amīrkabīr.
Homayoun Katouzian, Mohammad Ali (1995), The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and pseudo_ Modernism, 1926_1979, Translated by Mohammad Reza Nafisi and Kambiz Azizi, Tehran: Markaz.
Issawi, Charles (1983), The Economic history of Iran 1800 - 1914, translated by Yaqub Ajand, Tehran: Gostareh.
Ettehadieh, Mansoureh (1998), This is Tehran, A Collection of Articles on Tehran 1269-1344 A.H, First Edition, Tehran: Tārīḵ-e Iran Publications.
Lambton, Ann.K. (2009), “Endowment in Iran”, translated by Ahmad Namaei, Journal of Quranic and Hadith Sciences, 28(1), pp.77-95.
Malekzadeh, Mehdi (2008), History of Iran’s Constitutional Revolution, Volume 1-3, Second Edition, Tehran: Soḵan.
Mohsen Ardabili, Yousef (2017), Mohsennameh: Articles on Iranology in Memory of Dr. Jafari Mazhab “The Rulers of Zanjan in the Thirteenth Century AH (1201-1300 AH)”, at the request of Parvin Estakhri and Jamshid Kianfar, first edition, Tehran: National Library and Archives Organization of Iran.
Mossadegh, Mohammad (2010), Financial Principles, Rules and Laws in Foreign Countries and Iran, Second Edition, Tehran: Farzān Rūz.
Mostūfī, ‘Abdollāh (1981), šarḥ-e Zendegānī-ye man: Tārīḵ-e Eǰtemā‘ī-ye wa Edārī-e ‘aṣr-e Qāǰār, vols. 1 & 3, 1st edition, Tehran: Zavār.
Nāder Mīrzā (2014), Tārīḵ wa ǰoḡrāfīā-ye dār ul-salṭaneh-ye Tabrīz, by Gholamreza Tabatabaei Majd, Tabriz: Āydīn-Yānār.
Nāṣer-al-Dīn Šāh Qāǰār (1989), Rūznāme-ye ḵāṭerāt-e Nāṣer-al-Dīn Šāh dar safar-e sevvūm be Farangestān, by Mohammad Esmaeil Rezvani and Fatemeh Ghaziha, First Edition, Tehran: Publications of the Research and Research Office of the National Archives of Iran.
Rouhani, Mohammad Reza (1968), Zanjan Dictionary, Zanjan: Parcham.
Sālūr, Qahremān Mīrzā (1995), Rūz-nāmeh-ye ḵāṭerāt-e ʿEyn-ul-Salṭaneh, Volumes 2, 4 and 5, by Masoud Salor and Iraj Afshar, Tehran: Asāṭīr.
Seif, Ahmad (2015), The Lost Century: Iranian Economy and Society in the Nineteenth Century, Tehran: Ney.
Sepahsālār, Mīrzā Ḥosseīn ḵān (2022), Ketābčeh-ye Tanẓīmāt-e Ḥasaneh; Dowlat-e ʿĀlīya-ye Irān wa Mamālek-e Maḥrūsa-ye Īrān, First Edition, Tehran: Omīd-e Fardā.
Shubairi Zanjani, Musa (2014), A Sip from the Sea: Articles and Topics of Personality and Bibliography, Volume 3, Qom: Shiite Bibliography Institute.
Ṣobḥ-e Ṣādeq Newspaper (2005), First Year, No. 1-151, First Edition, Tehran: University of Tehran.
Werner, Christoph (2003), “an Iranian town in transition a social and economic history”, translated and summarized by Kiumars Irandoost, History and Geography Monthly, (74), pp. 17-39.
Zanjani, Ebrahim (2014), Memoirs of Sheikh Ebrahim Zanjani, by Gholamhossein Mirzasaleh, Tehran: Kavīr.
Zolfaghari, Mehdi, Omrani, Abuzar and doost, Reza (2020), “Comparative study of clerical capital during the Safavid and Qajar dynasties(Using Bourdieu's theory)”, Political Sociology research, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Serial 12), pp. 115-141.
Documents of the Ḵāndān-e Āl-e Šāhī (2022), Documents of the Qajar Period, Zanjan: Documents of the Ḵāndān-e Mūsavī Zanǰānī.
Documents of the Ḵāndān-e šāhzadeh ‘Abdullāh Mīrzā Dārā (2023), The endowment deed of the Jame Mosque of Zanjan, Zanjan: Documents of Ḵāndān-e Dārāeī
Documents of the Ḵāndān-e Ḥosseīnī-ye Zanǰānī (2022), Documents of the Qajar Period, Zanjan: Office of Āyatollāh Ḥosseīnī Zanǰānī.
Documents of the Museum of Mehrāneh Charitable Foundation of Zanjan (2023), Documents of the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods, Zanjan: Mehrāneh Charitable Association of Zanjan, Mehrāneh Museum.
Documents of the Zanjan History and Culture Association (2022), Documents of the Qajar Period, Zanjan: Zanjan History and Culture Association Office.
Fāżel Māzandarānī, Asadullāh (n.d.), Tārīḵ-e ẓohūr-e Al-Ḥaq, Volume 4, Manuscript, n.p.
Library, Museum and Documentation Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (LMDCICA), Document No. 70010020-0318215, 12.
Mullā Qanbar, Moḥammad Ḥassan (1929), šarḥ-e Zendegānī-ye ‘Olamā-ye ḵamseh, Manuscript, Zanjan: Office of Ayatollāh Hosseīnī Zanǰānī.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document No. 240/14680, 6-8.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document No. 210/1274, 2.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document No. 250/011260: 2 and 15.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document No. 250/16787, 14, 38-39, 41-43, 55-63.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document number 293/2815, 4 and 6.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document No. 295/007875, 11.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document number 297/30367, 6.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document number 297/33702, 6.
National Library and Archives Organization of Iran (NLAOI), Document No. 310/35528, 5-6.
Zanjani, Ebrahim (1931), Personal Notes, Manuscript, Library of the Museum and Documentation Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Book Registration No. 208531, Shelf No. 17366.
Zanjani, Ebrahim (n.d), Political Secrets of the “Treatise of the Right Thought”, Manuscript, Library of the Museum and Documentation Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Book Registration No. 208040, Shelf No. 16875.
Rūz-nāmeh-e Čehr-e Namā (1906), 2(16), Friday 4 May, 12-13.
Rūz-nāmeh-e Ḥabl ul-Matīn-e Kalkateh (1897), 5(2), Monday 15 November, 21.
Rūz-nāmeh-e Īrān-e Nū (1909), 1 (95), Tuesday 20 December, 2-3.
Rūz-nāmeh-ye Īrān (1903), 34 (21), Tuesday 29 December, 6.
Interview with Grand Ayatollāh Seyyed Moḥammad Ḥosseīnī Zanǰānī (2023), Zanjan: Office of Grand Ayatollāh Ḥosseīnī Zanǰānī.
)