History of Islam and Iran

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Editorial Staff

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Registration guide in the system

Article submission guide

Guide for Authors

Transcription of resources

Pablons Registration Guide

Arbitration process

Judges of the Journal of History of Islam and Iran in 2023

Judges of the Journal of History of Islam and Iran in 2022

Judges of the Journal of History of Islam and Iran in 2021

Judges of the Journal of History of Islam and Iran in 2020

Judges of the Journal of History of Islam and Iran in 2019

Historical review of the sources of science and human knowledge of Shia imams

Document Type : Scientific-Research

Authors

1 PhD student of Shiite history, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of the Department of Islamic Education, Ahl al-Bayt Faculty of Theology and Islamic Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

3 Professor, Department of History and Iranian Studies, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine historically and analytically the familiarity of the Imams of the Ahlul Bayt with the sciences and arts and their use of human resources. The consensus theory of Imamiyyah is that the Imams did not study under any teacher in terms of political and religious authority and the main source of these sciences was the Quran, Sunnah and divine inspirations, but the important point is that the Imams come from knowledge. Other arts and skills such as industry, astronomy, medicine, etc. were also known. The question now is where did the Imams get their knowledge from Were the sources of these sciences also divine or was such knowledge basically never part of the conditions or characteristics of the Imams and they could benefit from other sources in these sciences? ? The idea of this study is that the imams are familiar with human sciences on the one hand and benefit from the sources and methods of human sciences and knowledge on the other hand, and that they use conventional human methods and sources, even though in some cases religious education was also useful and they referred at least to written sources of the family. Although we completely lack access to many sources of this knowledge and information, we can support this hypothesis in a first step by referring to some historical evidences, such as the Imams' use of all kinds of written sources, their orders and efforts. By acquiring historical knowledge, by using the gift of reason and thinking, by ordering and using absolute consultations, by usually relying on all kinds of conventional narratives and reports, they justified and proved this. The result of this study can firstly challenge the "maximum theory" about the sciences of the Imams and their non-human sources;Secondly, to challenge their exaggerated approach about the materials and resources of science.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
Abū Ḥanīfa Noʻmān (1409), šarḥ ul-Aḵbār, Qom, ǰamīʻa Modressīn.
Abu Zohra, Mohammad (n.d), Imam al-ṣadīq Ḥayatehī wa ʻAṣrehī, Ārāʼhī wa Fīqh, Cairo, Dār ul-Fīkr ul-ʻArabī.
Ahmadi-Mianji, Ali (1426), Schools of the Imams, peace be upon them, Qom, Dār ul-Ḥadīṯ.
Ahmadvand, Yaser, Gohari-Refat, Majid (2019), " Investigating the Effect of Ibn Arabi's School on Shiite Understanding of the Imam's Knowledge: Comparing the Views of Seyyed Morteza and Ibn Abi al-Jomhur", Journal of Religious Studies, No. 16, pp. 165 to 183.
ʻAlam ul-Hoda, Seyyed Mortaża (1405), Al-Rīsāʼīl, researched by Seyyed Mehdi Rajaee, Qom, Dār ul-Quran, Ayatollah Golpaygani School.
ʻAlam ul-Hoda, Seyyed Mortaża (1410), Al-šāfī fī al-Imamah, researched by Seyyed Abd al-Zahra Hosseini, Tehran, Imam al-Sadiq.
ʻAlam ul-Hoda, Seyyed Mortaża (1411), Al-ḏaḵīrah fī ʻElm ul-Kalam, Seyyed Ahmad Hosseini, Qom, Islamic Publishing House.
ʻAlī b. Mūsa al-Reżā (1402), Al-Rīsalah al-ḏahabīyyah, Research of Najaf Mohammad Mahdi, Qom, Dār ul-ḵayyām.
ʻĀmelī, Moḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (1403), Wasāʼīl ul-šīʻa, edited by Abd al-Rahim al-Rabani, Beirut, Dār al-Ihīya al-Taraṯ ul-ʻArabī.
Anṣārī, Morteżā (1416), Farāʼīd ul-Aṣūl, Qom, ǰamīʻa Modressīn.
Arizi, Ali Ibn Ja'far (1409), Masa'īl Ali b. Ja'far, Qom, Āl-ul-Bayt Institute.
Ayazi, Mohammad Ali, (1386), The Book of Imam Ali, Tehran, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Printing and Publishing Organization.
Bahāʼī-al ʻAmīlī, Moḥammad b. al-Ḥosseīn (n.d), Al-Ḥadīqah ul-Hīlalīya, researched by Al-Sayyed Ali Al-Mousavi-Al-Khorasani, Qom, Dār ul-Eḥyā Al-Traṯ ul-ʻArabī.
Barqī, Aḥmad b. Moḥammad (1342), Al-Rīǰāl, Tehran, University of Tehran.
Barqī, Aḥmad b. Moḥammad (1371), Al-Maḥāsīn, Qom, Dār ul-Kotob al-Islamīyyah.
Behdar, Mohammad Reza (2012), "The Imams’ Extent of Knowledge as Viewed by Shia Scholars", Theological Research Journal, No. 3, pp. 39-50.
Beizoun, Mirzaei, Labib, Ali (2013), "Natural Sciences in Nahj al-Balagha", Chapter, Nahj al-Balagha, Winter 2013, No. 11 and 12.
Boḵārī, Esmaʻīl (1401), al-ṣaḥīḥ, Beirut: Dār ul-Fīkr.
Boḵārī, Esmaʻīl (n.d), Tarīḵ al-Kabīr, under the supervision of Dr. Mohammad Abd Al-Meid Khan, Diyarbakr: Islamic Library.
Bromand alam, Ghafari Thamar, Abbas, Hossein, " Comparison of the Contents of the Book of Basa'r-al-Darajat with Authentic Sources of Shi'i Narrative ", Historical perspective and Historiography, No. 20, pp. 133 to 158.
Dārīmī, (N.d), Al-Sonan, Maktabat ul-Aʻtīdāl, Damascus.
Ebn ʻAbd ul-Bīr, Yūsof b. ʻAbdollāh (1412), Al-Istīʻāb, research by Mohammad Bejawi, Beirut, Dār al-Jeel.
Ebn Abī al-Ḥadīd (1385), šarḥ Nahǰ ul-Balaḡa, translation of Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Našr-e -ney.
Ebn Aṯīr, ʻEzzuddīn ʻAlī b. Abī ul-Karam (1409 AH), Os-d ul-Ḡāba fī Maʻrīfat ul-ṣaḥaba, Beirut: Dār ul-Fīkr.
Ebn Aṯīr, Mobārak b. Moḥammad (n.d), "ǰāmīʻ ul-Usūl fī Aḥādīṯ ul-Rasūl", Research: Abd al-Qadir al-Arnaut, al-Tatma, Bashir Ayoun, Beirut: Dār ul-Bayān Library.
Ebn Babwey, Mohammad b. ʻAlī (1362), Al-ḵīṣāl, edited by Ali Akbar Ghafari, Qom, ǰamīʻa Modressīn.
Ebn Babwey, Mohammad b. ʻAlī (1376), Al-Amālī, Tehran, Ketābchī.
Ebn Babwey, Mohammad b. ʻAlī (1378), ʻOyūn Aḵbār ul-Reżā News, Tehran, Našr-e ǰahān.
Ebn Babwey, Mohammad b. ʻAlī (1403 AH), Maʻānī ul-Aḵbār, edited by Ali Akbar Ghafari, Qom: Islamic Publishing House.
Ebn Babwey, Mohammad b. ʻAlī (1404), Man La Yaḥżoro ul-Faqīh, correcting and commenting on Ali Akbar al-Ghafari, Qom, Publications of ǰamīʻa Modressīn.
Ebn Basṭām, ʻAbdollāh wa Ḥosseīn (1411), ṭīb ul-Aʼīma(peace be upon them), Research of Mohammad Mahdi Khorsan, Qom, Dār ul-šarīf al-Rāzī.
Ebn ʻEdī, (1988) Al-Kāmīl Fī Al-żoʻafā, Research by Yahya Mokhtar Ghazawi and Dr. Soheil Zakkar, Beirut, Dār ul-Fīkr.
Ebn Ḥaǰar, Aḥmad-bʻAlī (1404), Tahḏīb ul- Tahḏīb, Beirut, Dār al-Fīkr.
Ebn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad (n.d), Al-Mosnad, Beirut: Dār ṣādīr. 
Ebn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad, (1408) Kītāb ūl-ʻīllal wa Maʻrīfat ul-Rīǰāl, Research by Wasi Allah b. Mohammad b. al-Abbas, Beirut, Al-Maktabt ul-Islami.
Ebn ḵalakān (1971) Wafayāt ul-Aʻyān, Research by Ehsan Abbas, Beirut, Dār ṣādīr.
Ebn ḵaldūn, ʻAbd ul-Raḥmān (1408), Dīwān al-Mobtada wa al-ḵabar, research by Khalil Shahadeh, Beirut, Dār al-Fīkr.
Ebn Kaṯīr Dīmašqī, ʻImad ul-Dīn-Ismaʻīl-(n.d), Al-Bīdayah wa Al-Nīhāya, Beirut, Dār ul-Fīkr.
Ebn Rāzī, Moḥammad b. Ḥosseīn (n.d), Nozhat ul-Karam wa Bostān-ul-ʻAwām, Tehran, Tehran University Publications.
Ebn Saʻd, Abū ʻAbdollāh (1418), al-Tabaqāt ul-Kobrā, Beirut, Dār ul-Kītab ul-ʻElmīya.
Ebn šahīn, Abū Ḥafs ʻUmar (1404), Tarīḵ Asmaʼul-ṯīqāt, research by  Sobhi Al-Samrai, Kuwait, Al-Dār ul-Salafīyyah.
Ebn šahrāšūb, Moḥammad b. ʻAlī (1379), Manāqīb Āle Abīṭālīb, Qom, Našr-e ʻAllāmeh.
Ebn Ṭāvūs, Rāżī ul-Dīn ʻAlī b. Mūsā (1368), Faraǰ ul-Mahmoom fī Tarīḵ ūl-ʻUlamā ul-Noǰūm, Qom, Dār ul-ḏaḵāʼer.
Esfahānī, Abū al- Faraǰ (1415), Al-Aḡānī, Beirut, Dār ul-Eḥyā Al-Traṯ ul-ʻArabī.
Faryab, MohammadHosein (2015), "Examining the View of Imamiyyah Theologians on the Domain of the Imam's Knowledge on the Basis of Narrations", Theological Research, vol. 15, p. 27 - 44.
Ḥarrānī, b. šabīh (1404), Toḥaf ul-ʻOqūl, researched by Ali-Akbarghafari, Qom, ǰamīʻa Modressīn. 
Ḥīmyarī, ʻAbdollāh b. ǰaʻfar (1413), Qorb ul-Asnād, Qom, Al-Tarāṯ Institute.
Hosseinian Moghadam, Hossein (2015), " The role of imam sajjad in correction of falsification of prophet mohammad\'s tradition", Historical Researches, Year-8, Number 29.
ǰāḥīẓ (2002), Al-Bayān wa al-Tabyīn, researched by Ali Abu-Malham, Beirut: Al-Hīlāl Library.
Kašī, Moḥammad b. ʻUmar (1404), Iḵtīyār al-Maʻrīfat ul-Rīǰāl, Mahdi Rajaee's research, Qom, Āl-ul-Bayt Institute.
ḵaṭīb-Baḡdādī, A (1405), Al-Kīfayah fī Al-ʻElm ul-Rīwayah, Researched by Ahmad Omar Hashem, Beirut, Dār ul-Kītab ul-ʻArabī.
Koleīnī, Moḥammad b. Yaʻqūb (1362), Al-Kāfī, Tehran, Islamia.
Majidi, Nasir ul-Mahdi, (1400) "Educational and emotional sources of the knowledge of the Imams (a.s.)", Hadith Studies Journal, No. 11, pp. 89-107.
Maǰlesī, Moḥammad Bāqer (1363), Bīḥār ul-Anwār, Tehran, Islamia.
Masʻoūdī, ʻAlī b. Ḥosseīn (1388), Morūǰ ul-ḏahab wa Maʻādīn al-ǰohar, researched by Asad Dagher, Qom, Dar al-Hīǰrah.
Mazī, Yoūssef b. ʻAbd ul-Raḥman (1992), Tahzīb ul-Kamal, researched by Dr. Bashar Awad Maarouf, Beirut, Al-Rīsalah Institute.
Mofīd, Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. Noʻmān (A. 1413), Taṣḥīḥ ul-Iʻtīqād, Qom, Moʼtamar ul-ʻĀlemī līl šeīḵ al-Mofīd.
Mofīd, Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. Noʻmān (b. 1413), Awaʼīl ul-Maqqalāt, Qom. Moʼtamar ul-ʻĀlemī līl šeīḵ al-Mofīd
Mofīd, Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. Noʻmān (c. 1413), al-Iršād fī Maʻrīfat Ḥoǰaǰ ullah Ali Ala al-ʻībād, Qom, Congress of šeīḵ al-Mofīd
Mofīd, Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. Noʻmān (d. 1413), al-Iḵtīsas, edited by Ali Akbar Ghafari and Mahmoud Moharami, Qom, Moʼtamar ul-ʻĀlemī līl šeīḵ al-Mofīd
Monqarī, N (1404), Waqqaʻat ul-ṣīfīn, researched by Abdul Salam Mohammad Haroon, Cairo, Al-ʻArabīya Al-Hadīth Institute.
Moslīm b. Ḥaǰǰāǰ (N.d), al-ṣaḥīḥ, Beirut: Dār ul-Fīkr.
Motaqī-Hīndī, ʻAlī b. Ḥosseīm (1401) Kanzol-ʻOmmāl, researched by Bakri-Hayani, Beirut, Al-Rīsalah Institute.
Mozafari, Mohammad Haidar (2019), The Life of Prophets in the Narratives of Ahl al-Bayt, Qom, Dar al-Tahḏīb.
Mozaffar, Mohammad Hossein (2014) ʻElm ul-Imam, Najaf-Ashraf-Iraq, Al-Matbaʻat ul-Ḥaydarīya.
Mozaffar, Mohammad Reza (1370 AH), Beliefs of Al-Imamiyah, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf.
Nadem, Eftekhari, Mohammad Hassan, Seyyed Mohammad (2014), "Sources of Imam's Knowledge of the Theologians of Qom and Baghdad", Shia Studies, Year 1, Volume 2.
Nadem, Mohammad Hasan (2013), "Imam's knowledge from the point of view of Amir al-Mo'minin in Nahj al-Balagha, criticism of the historical approach to Imam's knowledge", Imamate-Research, number 4.
Nadem, Mohammad Hasan (2014), "Theological Approaches of Hadithists and Theologians in Explaining the Sources of the Imam's Science", Imamiya Research Paper, No. 1.
Nadem, Mohammad Hassan (2013), "Imam's knowledge from the point of view of Commander of the Faithful, peace be upon him, with an emphasis on Nahj al-Balagha", Imamate-Research Quarterly, Year 4, Number Four.
Naǰāšī, Aḥmad b. ʻAlī (1365), al-Rīǰāl, research of Musa Shabiri Zanjani, Qom, ǰāmīʻat ul-Modaresīn-fī al-Ḥūza al-ʻElmīya.
Naseri, Tahere, Valvi, Alimohammed (2014), " An analitic approach to the reaction of infallible Imams toward the exaggeration in Imamat", History of Islam and Iran, No. 27.
Nīsāʼī, Aḥmad (1348), Sonan ul-Kabīr, Beirut: Dār ul-Fīkr.
Panahlo, Emran, Ehteshaminiya, Mohsen, Talib-Tash, Abdul Majid (1400), " Sources and Scope of Imam's Knowledge in "Mashareq Anwar al-Yaqin Bursi", Aineh-Maarift magazine, 1400, p. 99- 126.
Rāżī, M (1374), Naḥǰ ul-Balaḡa, Researched by Sobhi Saleh, Beirut, Dār al-Fīkr ul-ʻArabī.
 Rāzī, M (1420), al-Tafsīr ul-Kabīr, Beirut, Dār al-Ihīya al-Taraṯ ul-ʻArabī.
 Safar, Moḥammad b. Hasan (1404), Baṣāʼīr ul-Daraǰāt, Ayatollah al-Marʻaṣī al-Najafi, Qom.
Samʻanī, ʻAbd ul-Karīm b. Moḥammad (1382), Al-Ansāb, 13 vol., Maṭbaʻat ul-Maǰlīs, Ottoman Encyclopaedia: India-Hyderabad.
Sobhani, Seyyed Mohammad Jaafar (2015), Sources of Knowledge of Shia Imams, Qom, Hajj va Zīyārat Research.
Ṭabarī, Moḥammad b. ǰarīr (1412), ǰāmīʻ ul-Bayān, Beirut, Dār al-Maʻrīfa.
Ṭabarī, Moḥammad b. ǰarīr (N.d) Al-Montaḵab Mīn Zeīl ul-Mazīl, Beirut: Līl-Maṭbūʻāt.
Ṭabarsī, Fażl b. Ḥassan, (1372), Maǰmaʻ ul-Bayān, Researched by Mohammad Javad-Balaghi, Tehran, Nasser Khosrow Publications.
ṯaqafī, Ebrāhīm b. Hīlāl (1410), Al-Ḡārāt, Qom, Dār ul-Kītāb.
Tayebi, Nahid (2016), "Recovering the reports of Al-Maghazi's book in Qomi's interpretation", Society's Qur'anic Studies Journal, No. 123, pp. 105-130.
Ṭoūsī Moḥammad b. Ḥasan (1406), Al-Iqtīṣād fīma Yataʻalīq Bī al-Eʻtīqād, Beirut, Dār-ul-Ażwa.
Ṭoūsī, Abū Jaʻfar Mohammad (1364), Tahḏīb ul-Aḥkām, Researched by Seyyed Ḥasan Al-Mousavi Al-Khorsan, Tehran, Dār ul-Kītab ul-Islamī.
Ṭoūsī, Moḥammad b. Ḥasan (1362), Tamhīd ul-Uṣūl fī ʻElm ul-Kalam, Edited by Abd al-Mohsen Mishkowa Al-Dini, Tehran, University of Tehran.
Ṭoūsī, Moḥammad b. Ḥasan (1380), Al-Amalī, Tehran Dār ul-Kītab ul-Islamīya.
Ṭoūsī, Moḥammad b. Ḥasan (1382), Talḵīṣ Al-šāfī, Hossein Bahrul Uloom, Qom, Al-Moḥebeen Publications.
Ṭoūsī, Moḥammad b. Ḥasan (1411), Al-Ḡaībah, Qom. Dār ul-Maʻrīft ul-Islamīyya.
Ṭoūsī, Moḥammad b. Ḥasan (1420), Fīhrīst Kotob ul-šīʻa, Seyyed Abd al-Aziz Tabatabai, Qom, Tabatabai School.
Ṭoūsī, Naṣīr ul-Dīn (1405), Rīsalah-ul-Imamah, Beirut, Dār-ul-Ażwa.
Zaidi Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi (2015), "Sources of Imam's Knowledge from the Point of View of Qom Theological Seminary", Imamate Research Journal, No. 20, pp. 63 to 84.
Zamaḵšarī, M (1412), Rabīʻ-ul-Abrār wa Noṣūṣ-ul-Aḵyār, Researched by Abd al-Amir al-Mahna, Beirut, Al-Ālamī Institute.
Zeidan, Jerji (N.d), Tarīḵ ul-Adab ul-Loḡaht ul-ʻArabīya, Egypt, Dār ul-Hīlāl.
 
History of Islam and Iran
Volume 32, Issue 56 - Serial Number 146
Winter 2023
December 2022
Pages 91-118
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics