Abdorahimzadeh, Seyed Nematollāh (2016), “Solon: The Leader of Athens to Democracy,” Occidental Studies 7(1), Pp. 45–66. [In Persian]
‘Ahd-e ‘Atiq: Ketābhā-ye Šari’at yā Towrāt (2014), Translated by Piroz Sayyar, Tehran: Hermes Publication. [In Persian]
Aristotle (2003), De republica Atheniensium, Translated by Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi, Fifth Edition, Tehran: ‘Elm Publication. [In Persian]
Athenaeus (2007), Īrānīyyāt dar Ketāb-e Bazm-e Farzānegān, Translated by Jalal Khaleghi-Motlagh, Tehran: the Center for Great Islamic Encyclopaedia. [In Persian]
Blois, Lukas de, and R. J. van der Spek (2021), An Introduction to the Ancient World, Translated by Morteza Saqebfar, Seventh Edition, Tehran: Qoqnūs Publication. [In Persian]
Diogenes Laertius (2014), De vitis philosophorum, Translated by Behrad Rahmani, Second Edition, Tehran: Markaz Publication. [In Persian]
Euripides (2020), Les Bacchantes, Translated by Atefe Tahaei, Third Edition, Tehran: Dāt Publication. [In Persian]
Graham, Daniel W. (2020), The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy the Complete Fragments and Selected Testimonies of the Major Presocratics, Translated by Behnaz Dehkordi, Tehran: Amīrkabīr Publication. [In Persian]
Herodotus (2010), The Histories of Herodotus, 2 vols., Translated by Morteza Saqebfar, Tehran: Asāṭīr. [In Persian]
Kitto, Humphrey Davy Findley (2014), The Greeks, Translated by Siamak Aqili, Tehran: Māhī Publication. [In Persian]
Mirzaei, Aliasghar (2010), “About the Nature, Coordinates and Framework of the Achaemenid Empire,” Quarterly Journal of History of Islam and Iran of Alzahra University 20(5), Pp. 113–147. [In Persian]
Plato (2020), Laches, Lysis, Ion, Protagoras and Symposium, Translated by Mahmud Sanaei, Tehran: Hermes Publication. [In Persian]
Sangari, Esmaeil, Amirhosein Moqaddas and Erfaneh Khosravi (2022), Historiographie et Perspective Historique dans le Monde Ancien: la vie, l’époque et les actes d’Hérodote d’Halicarnasse, Second Edition, Tehran: Tehran University Press. [In Persian]
Strabo (2017), Strabo’s Geography: Lands under Achaemenid Rule, Translated by Homayun Sanatizadeh, Tehran: Doctor Mahmud Afshar Publication with the cooperation of Soḵan Publication. [In Persian]
Stuttard, David (2018), A History of Ancient Greece in Fifty Lives, Translated by Shahrbanu Saremi, Tehran: Qoqnus Publication. [In Persian]
Thucydides (2018), Geschichte des Peloponnesischen Krieges, Translated by Mohammad Hassan Lotfi, Tehran: ‘Elmī - Farhangī Publication. [In Persian]
Almagor, E. (2005), “Who Is a Barbarian? The Barbarians in the Ethnological and the Cultural Taxonomies of Strabo,” In: Strabo’s Cultural Geography, D. Dueck, H. Lindsay and S. Pothecary (eds), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 42–55.
Aristophanes (2004), Thesmophoriazusae, Colin Austin and S. Douglas Olson (eds.) with Introduction and Commentary, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aristotle (1984), The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, 2 vols., Edited by Jonathan Barnes, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Aygün, Ö. (2017), The Middle Included: Logos in Aristotle, Evanston and Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
Beekes, R. S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden and Boston: Brill.
Benveniste, É. (2016), Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society, E. Palmer (Trans.), Chicago: Hau Books.
Bernsdorff, H. (2021), Anacreon of Teos: Testimonia and Fragments, 2 vols., Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Burkert, W. (1976), “Das hunderttorige Theben und die Datierung der Ilias,” In: WS 89, Pp. 5–21.
Burstein, S. M. (2010), “Changing Greek Views of Achaemenid Persia in the Classical Period,” In: Nāme-ye Īrān-e Bāstān: The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies 10(1-2), Pp. 3–15.
Cartledge, P. A. (2002), The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chantraine, P. L. (1968), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, vol. I, Paris: Éditions Klincksieck.
Ehrenberg, V. (2011), From Solon to Socrates: Greek History and Civilization during the Sixth and Fifth Centuries B.C., London and New York: Routledge.
Euripides (1996), Bacchae, Richard Seaford (Trans.), With an Introduction and Commentary, Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd.
Finley, M. I. (1980), Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology, New York: Viking Press.
Graham, D. W. (2008), “Heraclitus: Flux, Order, and Knowledge,” In: The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy, Patricia Curd and Daniel W. Graham (eds.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, Pp. 169–188.
Graham, D. W. (2010), The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy: The Complete Fragments and Selected Testimonies of the Major Presocratics, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, E. (1989), Inventing the Barbarian, Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Hall, J. M. (2002), Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Harrison, T. (1998), “Herodotus’ Conception of Foreign Languages,” In: Histos 2, Pp. 1–45.
Herodotus (1920–1925), Herodotus, 4 vols., A. D. Godley (Trans), London and Cambridge: Heinemann; Harvard University Press.
Homer (1919), Odyssey, 2 vols., A. T. Murray (Trans.), Revised by G. E. Dimock, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Homer (1924), Iliad, 2 vols., A. T. Murray (Trans.), Revised by W. F. Wyatt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kelly, A. D. (2011), “Barbarians,” In: The Homer Encyclopedia, 3 vols., Margalit Finkelberg (ed.), Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kim, H. J. (2013), “The Invention of the ‘Barbarian’ in Late Sixth-Century BC Ionia,” In: Ancient Ethnography: New Approaches, Eran Almagor and Joseph Skinner (eds.), London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, Pp. 25–48.
Kyrtatas, D. J. (2011), “Slavery and Economy in the Greek World,” In: The Ancient Mediterranean World, vol. 1 of The Cambridge World History of Slavery, K. R. Bradley and P. A. Cartledge (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 176–193.
Lejeune, M. (1958), Mémoires de philologie mycénienne. Première série (1955-1957), Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Levine Gera, D. (2003), Ancient Greek Ideas on Speech, Language, and Civilization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lévy, E. (1984), “Naissance du concept de barbare,” In: Ktèma: civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques, N°9, Pp. 5–14.
Long, T. (1986), Barbarians in Greek Comedy, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Marincola, J. (2007), “The Persian Wars in Fourth-Century Oratory and Historiography,” In: Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars: Antiquity to the Third Millennium, E. Bridges, E. Hall, and P.J. Rhodes (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press), Pp. 105–127.
Mayrhofer, M. (1986-2002), EWAia, 3 Bände, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, Universitätsverlag.
Müller, M. (1867), “Barbara und βάρβαϱος,” In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen 16(6), Pp. 453–454.
Osborne, R. G. (2009), Greece in the Making, 1200–479 B.C., London: Routledge.
Page, D. L. (ed.) (1962), PMG, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Parke, H. W. and Wormell, D. E. W. (1956), The Delphic Oracle, 2 vols., Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Patterson, O. (1982), Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pokorny, J. (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3 Bände, Bern: Francke.
Rosivach, V. (1999), “Enslaving Barbaroi and the Athenian Ideology of Slavery,” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 48, Pp. 129–157.
Smith, N. D. (1991), “Aristotle’s Theory of Natural Slavery,” In: A Companion to Aristotle's Politics, D. Keyt and F. D. Miller, Jr. (eds.), Oxford: Blackwell Pub, Pp. 142–155.
Strabo (2014), The Geography of Strabo, Duane W. Roller (Trans.), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tordoff, R. (2013), “Introduction: Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greek Comedy,” In: Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greek Comic Drama, B. Akrigg and R. Tordoff (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 1–62.
Tuplin, C. (1999), “Greek Racism? Observations on the Character and Limits of Greek Ethnic Prejudice,” In: Ancient Greeks: West and East, Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Leiden: Brill, Pp. 47–75.
Weiler, I. (1968), “Greek and Non-Greek World in the Archaic Period,” In: GRByS 9, Pp. 21–29.
Weidner, E. (1913), “βάρβαρος,” In: Glotta 4, Pp. 303–304.
Wrenhaven, K. L. (2011), “Greek Representations of the Slave Body: A Conflict of Ideas?” In: Reading Ancient Slavery, Richard Alston, Edith Hall and Laura Proffitt (eds.), London: Bristol Classical Press, Pp. 97–120.
Xenophon (1914), Cyropaedia, vol. 2, W. Miller (Trans), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
)