Document Type : Scientific-Research
Author
PhD in Political Silences, Baqir al-Olum University; Lecturer in University of Qom
Abstract
The strategical position of vice and virtue in the political theology of Muʿtazila, as Imamat is next to it, has had extreme effects on the political history of this group. This research, using a theoretical framework of the typology of the positive and negative fight, and participation in power, has studied this impact. Responding to the question of the position and impact level of vice and virtue in history of Muʿtazila, the theory of capacity and dimension of the fifth element of Muʿtazila toward social-cultural act and political act in history, has been tested in the form of three approaches based on the theoretical framework. Therefore, the article shows that there are three historical approaches toward vice and virtue between Muʿtazilids: The approach of positive fight that is about to combat with illegitimate rulers, as taking part in the uprising of Hassanids and the uprising against Valid b. Zaid. Next is the approach of the negative fight that goes on close to an insurgency but does not make an effective action, as Wasil b. ‘Ata and ‘Amr b. Ubaid did. The third approach is cooperating in power as the think having access to the centers of authority is necessary for spreading their opinion, as Ibn Abī Duʾād and T̲h̲umāma b. As̲h̲ras did so. These three approaches show the formation of Revolutionaries, Reformists, and Indecisives beside the semi-Idealogic and authoritarian government in the history of Muʿtazila.
Keywords
- Muʿtazila
- Political History
- Vice and Virtue
- Positive fighting approach
- Negative fighting approach
- Cooperating in power approach
Main Subjects
- ʿammārat, Muḥammad, al-Muʿtazilat wa al-Thūrat, Biyrūt, al-Muʾassisat al-ʿarabīyat li al-Darāsāt, 1984.
- Ashʿarī, Maqālāt al-Islāmīyīn, Taṣḥīḥ: Hilmūt Rītir, 1985.
- Baghdādī, al-Firaq Biyn al-Firaq, Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿabd al-Majīd, Biyrūt, Maktabat al-ʿaṣrīyih, 1998.
- Baghdādī, Uṣūl al-Dīn, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyih, Chāpi Siwwum, 1983.
- Balkhī, Faḍl al-Iʿtizāl wa Ṭabaqāt al-Muʿtazilih, Tūnis, Dār al-Tūnisīyih, Bī Tā.
- Bustānī, Biṭrus, Muḥīṭ al-Muḥīṭ, Biyrūt, Maktabat Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1993.
- Dīnwarī, Abū Ḥunayfih, al-Akhbār al-ṭawāl, Bargardān, Muḥammad Mahdawī Dāmghānī, Tihrān Niy, Chāpi Awwal, 1985.
- Duwirzhih, Murīs, Bāyistihhāyi Jāmiʿih Shināsīyi Sīyāsī, Tihrān, Nashri Dādgustar, Chāpi Awwal, 1998.
- Gul Muḥammadī, Aḥmad, Bāz Taʿrīfi Tārīkhi Sīysī, Pīshnahādī Barāyi Sāmāndihīyi Tārīkhi Sīyāsī Pazhūhī, Du Faṣlnāmihyi Tārīkh Nigarī wa Tārīkh Nigārī, Dānishgāhi al-Zahrā Sh 5, Bahār wa Tābistān 2010.
- Ḥamawī, Yāqūt, Muʿjam al-Udabā, Bargardān; ʿabd al-Muḥammad Āyatī, Tihrān, Surūsh, 1982.
- Ibn ʿabdurbih, al-ʿaqd al-Farīd, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿarabī, Chāpi Awwal, 1990.
- Ibn Abī al-ḥadīd, Sharḥi Nahj al-Balāghih, Biyrūt, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿarabī, 1967.
- Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāyat wa al-Nihāyat, Taḥqīq, ʿalī Shīrī, Biyrūt, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿarabī, 1987.
- Ibn Khalkān, Wafīyāt al-Aʿyān, Biyrūt, Dār Ṣādir, 1977.
- Ibn Murtaḍā, Ṭabaqāt al-Muʿtazilih, Biyrūt, Dār Maktabat al-ḥayāt, 1960.
- Ibn Nadīm, al-Fihrist, Taṣḥīḥ: Muḥammad Riḍā Tajaddud, Maktabat al-Islāmī, Maktabat al-Jaʿfarī, Bītā.
- Ibn Qutaybih, al-Maʿārif, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyih, 2003.
- Ibn Qutaybih, ʿuyūn al-Akhbār, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿarabī, Chāpi Duwwum, 1995.
- Ibn Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi al-Wafīyāt, Taḥqīq, Shukrī Fiyṣal, Biyrūt, Dār al-Nashr, 1990.
- Iftikhārī, Aṣghar, Darāmadī bar Nisbati Riqābati Sīyāsī bā Sarānihyi Nā Amnī, dar: Majmūʿihyi Maqālāt wa Chālishhāyi Sīyāsī dar Īrāni Imrūz, Majmūʿihyi Maqālāti Muntashir Shudih Jildi Awwal. Tihrān: Wizārati Farhang wa Irshādi Islāmī. 2001.
- Ilāhīzādih, Muḥammad Ḥasan, Junbishi Ḥasanīyān: Māhīyati Fikrī wa Takāpūhāyi Sīyāsī, Qum: Shīʿih Shināsī, 2006.
- Iṣfahānī, Abū al-Faraj, al-Aghānī, Biyrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1987.
- Iṣfahānī, Abū al-Faraj, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyīn, Biryūt, Dār al-Maʿrifih, Bī Tā.
- Ismāʿīl, Maḥmūd, al-Adārisih, Chāpi Awwal: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1991.
- Istanfurd, Māykil; Darāmadī bar Falsafihyi Tārīkh, Aḥmad Gul Muḥammadī, Tihrān, Niy, Chāpi Awwal. 2003.
- Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl, Munāsibāti Farhangīyi Muʿtazilih wa Shīʿih, Chāpi Awwal: Qum, Markazi Chāp wa Nashri Sāzmāni Tablīghāti Islāmī, 1993.
- Jāḥiẓ, al-Bayān wa al-Tabyīn, Urūmīyih, Kitābkhānihyi Urūmīyih, 1988.
- Jāḥiẓ, Rasāʾili Jāḥiẓ, Biyrūt, Dār al-Jayl, 1990.
- Jārullah, Zudī Ḥasan, al-Muʿtazilih, al-Muʾassisat al-ʿarabīyat li al-Darāsāt wa al-Nashr, 1990.
- Khayyāṭ, al-Intiṣār, Qāhirih, Maktabat al-Thaqāfat al-Dīnīyat, Bī Tā.
- Kūk, Māykil, Amr bih Maʿrūf wa Nahy az Munkar dar Andīsihyi Islāmī, Tarjumihyi Aḥmad Namāyī, Mashhad, Bunyādi Pazhūhishhāyi Islāmī, Chāpi Awwal, 2005.
- Maqāliʿ (Maqāliḥ), ʿabd al-ʿazīz, Qarāʾat fī Fikr al-Ziydīyih wa al-Muʿtazilih, Biyrūt, Dār al-ʿudih, 1982.
- Masʿūdī, Murawwij al-Dhahab, Bargardān, Abū al-Qāsim Pāyandih, Tihrān, ʿilmī wa Farhangī, 1986.
- Masʿūdī, Murawwij al-Dhahab, Biyrūt, Dār al-Undulus, Bī Tā.
- Murād, Saʿīd, Madrisat al-Baṣrat al-Iʿtizālīyat, Qāhirih, Maktabat al-Anjilu, 1992.
- Najafīyān Raḍawī, Liylā, Ḥayāti Sīyāsīyi Ḥasanīyān tā Sāli 145 Hijrī, Tihrān: Pazhūhishkadih Tārīkhi Islām, 2015.
- Qāḍī ʿabd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, Qāhirih, al-Muʾassisat al-Miṣrīyat li al-ʿāmat li al-Taʾlīf, Bī Tā.
- Qāḍī ʿabd al-Jabbār, al-Munyat wa al-ʾamal, Taḥqīq: Sāmī Nashār wa ʿiṣām al-Dīn Muḥammad, Iskandarīyih, Dār al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Jāmiʿīyat, 1972.
- Qāḍī ʿabd al-Jabbār, Faḍl al-Iʿtizāl wa Ṭabaqāt al-Muʿtazilat, Taḥqīqi Fuʾād Siyyid, Dār Alū, 1973.
- Qāḍī ʿabd al-Jabbār, Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-Khamsih, Taḥqīq ʿabd al-Karīm ʿuthmān, Qāhirih, Maktabat Wahbat, Chāpi Duwwum, 1987.
- Qāḍī ʿabd al-Jabbār, Tathbīt Dalāʾil al-Nabuwwat, Biyrūt, Dār al-ʿarabīyat, 2007.
- Qāḍī, Aḥmad ʿarafāt, al-Fikr al-Turbawī ʿind al-Mutakallimīn al-Muslimīn wa Durih fī Bināʾ al-Fard wa al-Mujtamaʿ, Qāhirih, al-Hayʾat al-Miṣrīyat al-ʿāmat li al-Kitāb, 1996.
- Sālim, ʿabd al-Raḥmān, al-Tārīkh al-Sīyāsī li al-Muʿtazilih, Qāhirih, Dār al-Thaqāfat, 1989.
- Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-Khulafāʾ, Taḥqīq: Qāsim Rafāʿī wa Muḥammad ʿuthmānī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Qalam, Chāpi Awwal, 1986.
- Ṭabarī, Muḥammad Ibn Jarīr, Tārīkhi Ṭabarī, Biyrūt, Muʾassisihyi al-Aʿlamī, 1983.
- Taftāzānī, Sharḥ al-ʿaqāʾid al-Nafsīyih, Taḥqīqi Muḥammad ʿadnān Darwīsh, Bījā, Bītā.
- Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ḥasan, al-Tibyān, Taṣḥīḥi Aḥmad Ḥabīb Fiyḍ al-ʿāmilī, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿarabī. Bī Tā.
- Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ḥasan, Umālī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Thaqāfat, 1993.
- Zamakhsharī, Kishāf, Biyrūt, Dār al-Mʿrifat, Bī Tā.
)