Document Type : Scientific-Research
Author
Asistant Professor, Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy
Abstract
A lot has been said about ‘Ashura. That's the question what equipment and weapons were used in that event. It seems like these weapons was not common in Medina and Mecca. This article using historical method is trying to show how these weapons were. The name of the equipment, such as the beam, the sword, the spear, is abundant in the Hussein’s camp. Based on historical sources this article has noticed different aspects of this problem and is about to show that Hussain ibn Ali and his companions from Medina, only had weapons such as swords, common in traveling at that time. Other weapons were brought to the battle by those who joined them later.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Abū Mukhnaf, Lūṭ Ibn Yaḥyā, 1996, Waqaʿat al-Luṭf, Taḥqīq al-Yūsifī al-Ghirawī, Qum, Jāmiʿihyi Mudarrisīn.
- Abū Shāmih Muqaddasī, ʿabd al-Raḥmān, 2001, al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dulatayn, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Abū ʿubiyd, Qāsim Ibn Salām, 1987, al-Amwāl, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- ʿali, Jawād, 1971, al-Mufṣal fī Tārīkh al-ʿarab Qabl al-Islām, Biyrūt, Dār al-ʿilm li al-Malāʾīn.
- Balāḍurī, Aḥmad Ibn Yaḥyā, 1996, Ansāb al-Ashrāf, Taḥqīqi Zakkār wa Ziriklī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Burāqī, Sayyid Husiyn, 2002, Tārīkh al-Kūfah, Mashhad, Bunyādi Pazhūhishhāyi Islāmī.
- Ḍahabī, Muḥammad, 1998, Tārīkh al-Islām, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿarabī.
- Dīnwarī, Aḥmad, 1960, al-Akhbār al-Ṭawāl, Taḥqīqi ʿabd al-Munʿim ʿāmir, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿarabīyah ( Nashri Raḍī Qum).
- Fākihī, Muḥammad Ibn Isḥāq, 2003, Akhbāri Makkih, Makkih, Maktabat al-Asadī.
- Ḥamawī, Yāqūt Ibn ʿabullah, 1995, Muʿjam al-Buldān, Biyrūt, Dār Ṣādir.
- Ibn ʿabdurbih, Aḥmad, 1983, al-ʿaqd al-Farīd, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn ʿadīm, ʿumar, Bī Tā, Bughyat al-Ṭalab, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Ibn ʿasākir, ʿalī, 1994, Tārīkhi Damishq, Biyrūt, ʿālim al-Fikr.
- Ibn Aʿtham, Aḥmad, 1991, al-Futūḥ, Taḥqīqi Alī Shīrī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ.
- Ibn Athīr, Alī, 1965, al-Kāmil, Biyrūt, Dār Ṣādir.
- Ibn Athīr, ʿalī, 1989, Asad al-Ghābah, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Ibn Faqīh, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad, 1995, al-Buldān, Biyrūt, ʿālim al-Kutub.
- Ibn ḥajar, Aḥmad, 1994, al-Aṣābah, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn Ḥamdūn, Muḥammad, 1996, al-Tadhkirat al-Ḥamdūnīyah, Biyrūt, Dār Ṣādir.
- Ibn Hishām, ʿabd al-Malik; Bī Tā, al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah; Taḥqīqi Muṣṭafā Saqā wa Dīgarān; Biyrūt: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tarāth al-ʿarabī.
- Ibn Juzī, ʿabd al-Raḥmān, 1991, al-Muntaẓam, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl, 1978, al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Ibn Minkulī Nāṣirī, Muḥammad Ibn Maḥmūd, 2000, al-Ḥīyal fī al-Ḥurūb, Qāhirih, Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrīyah.
- Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, 1995, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Husiyn (ʿ) min al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā; Taḥqīqi Sayyid ʿabd al-ʿazīz al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī; Qum: Āl al-Bayt.
- Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, 1997, al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, Biyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn Shahr Āshūb, Muḥammad, 2000, Manāqibi Āli Abī Ṭālib, Qum, Intishārāti ʿallāmih.
- Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿalī, al-Malhūf, 2016, Taṣḥīḥ wa Manbaʿ Shināsīyi Muṣṭafā Ṣādiqī, Qum, Pazhūhishgāhi ʿulūm wa Farhangi Islāmī.
- Isfahānī, Abū al-Faraj Alī, 1987, al-Aghānī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Isfahānī, Abū al-Faraj ʿalī, 2002, Maqātil al-Ṭālibīn, Taḥqīqi Aḥmad al-Ṣaqar, Qum, al-Maktabat al-Ḥiydarīyah.
- Jāḥiẓ, ʿamru, 2002, al-Bayān wa al-Tabyīn, Biyrūt, Dār wa Maktabah Hilāl.
- Khārazmī, Muwaffaq, 2002, Maqtal al-Husiyn (ʿ), Taṣhīhi Samāwī, Qum, Anwār al-Hudā.
- Masʿūdī (Mansūb), 1996, Ithbāt al-Waṣīyah, Qum, Anṣārīyān.
- Masʿūdī, ʿali Ibn al-Ḥusiyn, 1989, Murrawij al-Ḍahab, Taḥqīqi Asʿad Dāghar, Qum, Muʾassisihyi Dār al-Hijrah.
- Mufīd, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Nuʿmān, 1995, al-Irshād, Taḥqīq wa Nashri Muʾassisihyi, Āl al-Bayt, Biyrūt.
- Nuwīrī, Shahāb al-Dīn Aḥmad; 2002, Nihāyat al-Arb; Qāhirih: Dār al-Kutub.
- Qalqashandī, Aḥmad, Bī Tā, Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshā, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Rassān, Faḍīl Ibn Zubiyr, 1986, Tasmīyat min Qatl Maʿ al-Ḥusiyn (ʿ), Taḥqīqi Jalālī, Qum, Āl al-Bayt.
- Ṣadūq, Muḥammad Ibn ʿali, 1997, al-Amālī, Tihrān, Kitābchī.
- Ṣafarī, Niʿmatuallah, 2012, Kūfih az Piydāyish tā ʿāshūrā, Tihrān, Mashʿar.
- Ṣaḥārī, Salmah Ibn Muslim, 2006, al-Ansāb, ʿummān, Maṭbaʿat al-Alwān.
- Salmā, Muḥammad Ibn Ṣāmil, 1993, Pāwaraqī al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā li Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭāʾif, Maktabat al-Ṣidīq.
- Sāmirāʾī, ʿabd al-Jabbār Maḥmūd, 1945, Taqnīyat al-Silāḥ ʿind al-ʿarab, al-Murid, sh 56.
- Shimshāṭī, ʿali Ibn Muḥammad ʿadawī, 1976, al-Awār wa Maḥāsin al-Ashʿār, Baghdād, Dār al-Ḥurrīyah.
- Ṭabarī, Muḥammad Ibn Jarīr, 1967, Tārīkh al-ʾumam wa al-Mulūk, Taḥqīqi Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Biyrūt, Dār al-Tarāth al-ʿarabī.
- Ṭabarsī, ʿalī Ibn Faḍl, 1996, Aʿlām al-Warī bi ʾaʿlām al-Hudā, Qum. Āl al-Bayt.
- Ṭabasī, Muḥammad Jawād, 2001, Maʿ al-Rakab al-Ḥusiynī min al-Madīnah ilā al-Madīnah, al-Juzʾ al-Thālith: Waqāʾiʿ al-Ṭarīq, Qum, Markaz al-Darāsāt li Mumthalīyat al-Walī al-Faqīh fī Ḥaras al-Thūrah.
- Waqidī, Muḥammad Ibn ʿumar, 1989, al-Maghāzī, Taḥqīqi Mārsdin Juns, Biyrūt, al-Aʿlamī.
- Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad Ibn Wāḍiḥ, 1992, Tārīkh, Biyrūt, Aʿlamī.
- Abū Shāmih Muqaddasī, ʿabd al-Raḥmān, 2001, al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dulatayn, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Abū ʿubiyd, Qāsim Ibn Salām, 1987, al-Amwāl, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- ʿali, Jawād, 1971, al-Mufṣal fī Tārīkh al-ʿarab Qabl al-Islām, Biyrūt, Dār al-ʿilm li al-Malāʾīn.
- Balāḍurī, Aḥmad Ibn Yaḥyā, 1996, Ansāb al-Ashrāf, Taḥqīqi Zakkār wa Ziriklī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Burāqī, Sayyid Husiyn, 2002, Tārīkh al-Kūfah, Mashhad, Bunyādi Pazhūhishhāyi Islāmī.
- Ḍahabī, Muḥammad, 1998, Tārīkh al-Islām, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿarabī.
- Dīnwarī, Aḥmad, 1960, al-Akhbār al-Ṭawāl, Taḥqīqi ʿabd al-Munʿim ʿāmir, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿarabīyah ( Nashri Raḍī Qum).
- Fākihī, Muḥammad Ibn Isḥāq, 2003, Akhbāri Makkih, Makkih, Maktabat al-Asadī.
- Ḥamawī, Yāqūt Ibn ʿabullah, 1995, Muʿjam al-Buldān, Biyrūt, Dār Ṣādir.
- Ibn ʿabdurbih, Aḥmad, 1983, al-ʿaqd al-Farīd, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn ʿadīm, ʿumar, Bī Tā, Bughyat al-Ṭalab, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Ibn ʿasākir, ʿalī, 1994, Tārīkhi Damishq, Biyrūt, ʿālim al-Fikr.
- Ibn Aʿtham, Aḥmad, 1991, al-Futūḥ, Taḥqīqi Alī Shīrī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ.
- Ibn Athīr, Alī, 1965, al-Kāmil, Biyrūt, Dār Ṣādir.
- Ibn Athīr, ʿalī, 1989, Asad al-Ghābah, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Ibn Faqīh, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad, 1995, al-Buldān, Biyrūt, ʿālim al-Kutub.
- Ibn ḥajar, Aḥmad, 1994, al-Aṣābah, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn Ḥamdūn, Muḥammad, 1996, al-Tadhkirat al-Ḥamdūnīyah, Biyrūt, Dār Ṣādir.
- Ibn Hishām, ʿabd al-Malik; Bī Tā, al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah; Taḥqīqi Muṣṭafā Saqā wa Dīgarān; Biyrūt: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tarāth al-ʿarabī.
- Ibn Juzī, ʿabd al-Raḥmān, 1991, al-Muntaẓam, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl, 1978, al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Ibn Minkulī Nāṣirī, Muḥammad Ibn Maḥmūd, 2000, al-Ḥīyal fī al-Ḥurūb, Qāhirih, Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrīyah.
- Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, 1995, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Husiyn (ʿ) min al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā; Taḥqīqi Sayyid ʿabd al-ʿazīz al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī; Qum: Āl al-Bayt.
- Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, 1997, al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, Biyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Ibn Shahr Āshūb, Muḥammad, 2000, Manāqibi Āli Abī Ṭālib, Qum, Intishārāti ʿallāmih.
- Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿalī, al-Malhūf, 2016, Taṣḥīḥ wa Manbaʿ Shināsīyi Muṣṭafā Ṣādiqī, Qum, Pazhūhishgāhi ʿulūm wa Farhangi Islāmī.
- Isfahānī, Abū al-Faraj Alī, 1987, al-Aghānī, Biyrūt, Dār al-Fikr.
- Isfahānī, Abū al-Faraj ʿalī, 2002, Maqātil al-Ṭālibīn, Taḥqīqi Aḥmad al-Ṣaqar, Qum, al-Maktabat al-Ḥiydarīyah.
- Jāḥiẓ, ʿamru, 2002, al-Bayān wa al-Tabyīn, Biyrūt, Dār wa Maktabah Hilāl.
- Khārazmī, Muwaffaq, 2002, Maqtal al-Husiyn (ʿ), Taṣhīhi Samāwī, Qum, Anwār al-Hudā.
- Masʿūdī (Mansūb), 1996, Ithbāt al-Waṣīyah, Qum, Anṣārīyān.
- Masʿūdī, ʿali Ibn al-Ḥusiyn, 1989, Murrawij al-Ḍahab, Taḥqīqi Asʿad Dāghar, Qum, Muʾassisihyi Dār al-Hijrah.
- Mufīd, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Nuʿmān, 1995, al-Irshād, Taḥqīq wa Nashri Muʾassisihyi, Āl al-Bayt, Biyrūt.
- Nuwīrī, Shahāb al-Dīn Aḥmad; 2002, Nihāyat al-Arb; Qāhirih: Dār al-Kutub.
- Qalqashandī, Aḥmad, Bī Tā, Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshā, Biyrūt, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyah.
- Rassān, Faḍīl Ibn Zubiyr, 1986, Tasmīyat min Qatl Maʿ al-Ḥusiyn (ʿ), Taḥqīqi Jalālī, Qum, Āl al-Bayt.
- Ṣadūq, Muḥammad Ibn ʿali, 1997, al-Amālī, Tihrān, Kitābchī.
- Ṣafarī, Niʿmatuallah, 2012, Kūfih az Piydāyish tā ʿāshūrā, Tihrān, Mashʿar.
- Ṣaḥārī, Salmah Ibn Muslim, 2006, al-Ansāb, ʿummān, Maṭbaʿat al-Alwān.
- Salmā, Muḥammad Ibn Ṣāmil, 1993, Pāwaraqī al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā li Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭāʾif, Maktabat al-Ṣidīq.
- Sāmirāʾī, ʿabd al-Jabbār Maḥmūd, 1945, Taqnīyat al-Silāḥ ʿind al-ʿarab, al-Murid, sh 56.
- Shimshāṭī, ʿali Ibn Muḥammad ʿadawī, 1976, al-Awār wa Maḥāsin al-Ashʿār, Baghdād, Dār al-Ḥurrīyah.
- Ṭabarī, Muḥammad Ibn Jarīr, 1967, Tārīkh al-ʾumam wa al-Mulūk, Taḥqīqi Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Biyrūt, Dār al-Tarāth al-ʿarabī.
- Ṭabarsī, ʿalī Ibn Faḍl, 1996, Aʿlām al-Warī bi ʾaʿlām al-Hudā, Qum. Āl al-Bayt.
- Ṭabasī, Muḥammad Jawād, 2001, Maʿ al-Rakab al-Ḥusiynī min al-Madīnah ilā al-Madīnah, al-Juzʾ al-Thālith: Waqāʾiʿ al-Ṭarīq, Qum, Markaz al-Darāsāt li Mumthalīyat al-Walī al-Faqīh fī Ḥaras al-Thūrah.
- Waqidī, Muḥammad Ibn ʿumar, 1989, al-Maghāzī, Taḥqīqi Mārsdin Juns, Biyrūt, al-Aʿlamī.
- Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad Ibn Wāḍiḥ, 1992, Tārīkh, Biyrūt, Aʿlamī.
)