History of Islam and Iran

Scientific-Research

Construction of Modern Woman in Modernist Discourse of the Qajar Era

Zohre Omidipour; Ali Rajabloo

Volume 34, Issue 61 , April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.45757.2873

Abstract

As Iran confronted Western modernity and the resulting discursive conflicts, discussing women, their identity, and their living conditions became a central topic. A wide range of discourses ... Read More

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Scientific-Research

The “Dabīr-e Sepāh”/ “Secretary of the Corps” in the Bureaucracy of the Sasanian Empire

Shahram Jalilian

Volume 34, Issue 61 , April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.46524.2909

Abstract

During the Sāsānid era, “Dīvān-e Sepāh” (in Arabic and Persian sources: “Dīvān al-Jūnd”, “Dīvān al-Jeyš”, “Dīvān al-Moqātala” ... Read More

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Scientific-Research

Toponymy of the western half of Iran in the historical writings of the 3rd-9th lunar centuries (Jebal, Qohestan and Iraq-e Ajam)

Hassan Hazrati; Mohamadreza Zadehsafari

Volume 34, Issue 61 , April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.44856.2837

Abstract

The toponyms used to name a large area in the western half of Iran, from the fall of the Sassanids to the rise of the Safavids, experienced many changes in the social and political-administrative ... Read More The toponyms used to name a large area in the western half of Iran, from the fall of the Sassanids to the rise of the Safavids, experienced many changes in the social and political-administrative arena, and were reflected in different ways in the writings produced at this point. In Islamic historiography, these toponyms were also used alternately, and historians used them to address the geographical area they were considering. The main question of the upcoming research is how the names Jebal, Qohestan and Iraq-e Ajam appeared in various historians' writings and how they were used. The research approach of this article is based on thick description. The research findings indicate that in the opinion of Islamic historians, Jebal (approximately) was used as a common toponym for a wide area in the western half of Iran in the third century. Gradually and without having a specific definition and limitation, it became popular in all kinds of historical writings and replaced the ancient toponyms of the region such as Mah and Pahle, but in the next century, due to the political developments in the region and the importance of some cities such as Ray and Isfahan, the city became central to the attitude of many Historians prevailed and did not allow Jebal to spread as a common toponym. Also, the name Qohestan, which was the Persian translation of Jebal, became popular in Persian writings at this time and added to the confusion. In the sixth century, the toponym of Iraq-e Ajam, gradually made its way in the writings of historians; But due to the flourishing of general historiography in the 8th and 9th centuries of Hijri, which were provided based on the sources of the third to the sixth century of Hijri, the toponyms of Jebal and Qohestan, while they were almost forgotten in the social and political-administrative arena, also came to life in the writings of Persian historians. They continued, of course, the historians of Egypt and the Levant were largely left out of this mess.

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Scientific-Research

Unconventional Livelihood Methods and Economic Challenges of Zanjan Jameh Mosque theologues in the Qajar Era

Hasan Rostami; Masoud Bayat

Volume 34, Issue 61 , April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.46132.2887

Abstract

The stability of traditional relations and the lack of development of the economic structure in the Qajar period were among the causes of the decline and the occurrence of social and ... Read More

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Scientific-Research

Historical Analysis of The Endeavors of Ḏahabīya during The Safavid Period

Seyed Ahmad Aghili

Volume 34, Issue 61 , April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.45260.2849

Abstract

This study analyzes the historical evolution of the Barzashabadi branch of the Kobrawieh dynasty in Iran during the Safavid period. This Sufi sect in the Safavid period is known as ... Read More

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Scientific-Research

Khwarazmshahids’ religious policy towards Hanafism and its followers

Mohammad Kaviani Yeganeh; Abbas Sarafrazi

Volume 34, Issue 61 , April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.47133.2929

Abstract

The Khwarazmshahids followed the Hanafi school of thought, which was also the predominant belief system among the majority of people living in their territory. What kind of policy did ... Read More The Khwarazmshahids followed the Hanafi school of thought, which was also the predominant belief system among the majority of people living in their territory. What kind of policy did they pursue towards Hanafism? To answer this question, the Khwarazmshahid era was divided into five periods. Their policies in each period were evaluated on five parameters: behavior towards Hanafi people and clergy, relations with Hanafi rulers, appointment of Hanafis in political positions and establishment of religious institutes. The results show that in the period of obedience (1098-1136 A.D.) the Hanafipeople and clergy had security and welfare because of Muhammad and Atsiz to obedience for Sanjar. In the independence period (1136-1173) , the Hanafi people and clergy were attacked and insulted because of Atsiz’s arrogance towards Sanjar and Ilarsalan’s expansionism, although this hostility was political and in reality neutral. In the Empire-Establishing Period (1174-1201) the neutral policy was intensified in favor of the Shafiites following the conquest of Iraq, where the non-Hanafites were in the majority. In the Empire-Peak Period (1201-1221) because Sultan Muhammad's government wasn’t legitimized by the caliph and the non-Mutazilite Hanafites did not recognize his reign as legitimate thus the neutral policy converted at times to antagonism against Hanafites. Following the anarchy of the Post-Mongol Attack Period (1221-1231) the sultan’s sons tried to conquer part of the empire by any means necessary. Thus Qurshah and Pirshah allied themselves with Shafiites against the Hanafites but Jalal-al-Din, as the savior of Islam, implemented an Islamic unity policy and generally avoided supporting Hanafites. Since the Khwarazmshahids were mutazilites, they supported the mutazilite Hanafis in all periods except that of Jalal-al-Din. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a desk study methodology for data collection and analysis.

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Rereading of falsifibility of two main hypotheses regarding Rostam al-Tawarikh

Yaghoub Khazaei

Volume 31, Issue 52 , December 2021, , Pages 37-55

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2021.36412.2482

Abstract

The purpose of writing this article is to test two prominent hypotheses about Rostam al-Tawarikh by the method of falsifiability. Rustam Alhokma is one of the historians that so far, ... Read More

Fragile coalition; An analysis of the Tudeh party candidate's victory from the Isfahan constituency in the fourteenth round of National Consultative Assembly election (1943 A.D)

Mohammad Afghari; Morteza Nouraei

Volume 33, Issue 57 , April 2023, , Pages 11-36

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2023.42330.2727

Abstract

After the occupation of Iran by the Allies in August 1941 and the resignation of Reza Shah, the fourteenth National Consultative Assembly election took place in a completely different ... Read More

Alexander the Macedonian and the historical memory of Cyrus the Great

Adel Allahyari

Volume 32, Issue 54 , June 2022, , Pages 15-37

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2022.32083.2275

Abstract

Historians of Alexander the Macedonian have reported that while conquering the Iranian lands, the Macedonian conqueror revered the memory of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid ... Read More

An analysis of the role of sheriff's agents in the Qashqai Darehshuri Sub-tribe

Babak Zeilabpour; Morteza Dehghannezhad; Esmaeil Sangari; Abolhasan Fayaz Anush

Volume 31, Issue 52 , December 2021, , Pages 109-139

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2020.25865.1997

Abstract

The Darehshuri sub-tribe is one of the sub-tribes of the Qashqai tribe. In the political structure of power, the sheriff was officially responsible for the administration of the sub-tribe. ... Read More

Coinage System and Money Exchanges in Timurid Dynasty (With an emphasis on the eastern territory of Iran)

Nasrin Mirahkorloo; Mahbobeh Sharafi

Volume 32, Issue 53 , April 2022, , Pages 151-179

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2021.34713.2405

Abstract

The Coinage system in the Timurid dynasty as in other governmental dynasties provides valuable information about the political power and the influence of governors. Relatively, it indicates ... Read More