History of Islam and Iran - Articles in Press

With the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly, it was expected that with the approval of the budget as the most important financial document of ... Read More With the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly, it was expected that with the approval of the budget as the most important financial document of the country, a positive change in the financial structure of Iran compared to before the Constitution is been made. The method of approving the budget was specified in the constitution, but it was confronted with many challenges and obstacles. So the research question is what the methods and challenges of budget approval were and to what extent these methods were in line with modern budget principles and the constitution. The findings of the study indicate that the parliament could not approve a single budget in twenty years, from the constitution to the extinction of the Qajar dynasty, in accordance with the constitution and modern budget principles. The most important reasons for the non-approval of the budget can be included the lack of seriousness of the government in presenting the budget, the instability of the government, the interference of external factors and the closure of the parliament. However, given the challenges they faced, the government and parliament offered other ways to approve the budget. The first parliament was in the process of transitioning from traditional budgeting to modern budgeting, which practically followed the same method of traditional budgeting incompletely. The government prepared an incomplete budget in the second parliament, which was not approved by the parliament, and in the third parliament, the government failed to present a budget to the parliament. In the fourth and fifth terms, the parliament showed more cooperation with the government, and the parliament approved the budgets by the four-wall and one-twelfth methods. The method of preparing and compiling the research is documentary and library, and with a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the challenges and variable methods of budget approval.

Fragile coalition; An analysis of the Tudeh party candidate's victory from the Isfahan constituency in the fourteenth round of National Consultative Assembly election (1943 A.D)

Mohammad Afghari; Morteza Nouraei

Volume 33, Issue 57 , April 2023, , Pages 11-36

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2023.42330.2727

Abstract

After the occupation of Iran by the Allies in August 1941 and the resignation of Reza Shah, the fourteenth National Consultative Assembly election took place in a completely different ... Read More

Muslims of Crete island during the period of Ottoman rule, origin and destiny

Shahnaz Jangjou Gholenji

Volume 33, Issue 59 , October 2023, , Pages 11-34

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2023.44166.2811

Abstract

The island of Crete was conquered by the Ottomans between 1644-1669 AD/1054-1080 AH. In a relatively short time after this conquest, there were a large number of Muslims on the island ... Read More

Construction of Modern Woman in Modernist Discourse of the Qajar Era

Zohre Omidipour; Ali Rajabloo

Volume 34, Issue 61 , April 2024, , Pages 11-41

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.45757.2873

Abstract

As Iran confronted Western modernity and the resulting discursive conflicts, discussing women, their identity, and their living conditions became a central topic. A wide range of discourses ... Read More

British East India Company\'s role in the change of political and economical status of Iran in Persian Gulf (1763-1820 A.D/1177-1235 H)

Javad Mousavi Dalini; Mohammad Ali Ranjbar

Volume 23, Issue 18 , August 2013, , Pages 15-35

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.768

Abstract

The conditions the Persian gulf changed dramatically with the geographical discoveries of the late 15th century A.D (9th A.H) and those old and long term structures which guaranteed ... Read More

The new concept of motherhood and education of women in the era of Reza Shah

Marziyeh Hosseini

Volume 31, Issue 52 , December 2021, , Pages 15-36

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2021.35484.2448

Abstract

Reza Shah's era is the beginning of the modern era and the creation of fundamental changes in the social sphere of Iran. The Women's Awareness Project in this period affected their ... Read More

Alexander the Macedonian and the historical memory of Cyrus the Great

Adel Allahyari

Volume 32, Issue 54 , June 2022, , Pages 15-37

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2022.32083.2275

Abstract

Historians of Alexander the Macedonian have reported that while conquering the Iranian lands, the Macedonian conqueror revered the memory of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid ... Read More

The Condition of Labors' Health and Factories Hygiene and the Enactment of the First Labors' Health Code in Iran during the Pahlavi Era (1925-1953)

Hossein Ahmadzadeh Nodijeh; Ghobad Mansourbakht

Volume 32, Issue 56 , December 2022, , Pages 15-41

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2023.42271.2725

Abstract

Although the Industrial Revolution and the mechanization of factories reduced the harshness of production and the pressure on the human body to some degree, long hours, intense exploitation, ... Read More

The occupational status of female teachers in the era of Reza Shah

Marziyeh Hosseini

Volume 33, Issue 58 , July 2023, , Pages 15-44

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2023.41164.2693

Abstract

The change in the education system of the Reza Shah’s era under the discourse of the modern national government and as a result the growth and expansion of women's education with ... Read More

The Name of "Moḥammad" Before the Prophet: A Critical Review of the Evidence and a New Suggestion

Mohammad Ahmadimanesh

Volume 33, Issue 60 , December 2023, , Pages 15-34

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2024.44590.2831

Abstract

The etymology of the name Muḥammad and its pre-Islamic background has always been a challenge for researchers, and there are questions about it, including whether the name Moḥammad ... Read More

Overland Travel Speed in the Arsacid Empire Era (From 1st Century BCE to 3rd Century CE)

Reza Ordou; Roozbeh Zarrinkoob

Volume 31, Issue 50 , July 2021, , Pages 17-44

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2021.33617.2347

Abstract

There are reports considering armies, riders, and caravans’ movements in historical evidence and classical narratives, including departure and arrival times, or calculable. Also, ... Read More

Mujahideen Muslim Association; Political endeavors and social base

Roh alah Bahrami; Shahram Hasanvand; Surush Azadbakht

Volume 21, Issue 9 , January 2011, , Pages 19-46

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.709

Abstract

Investigating Opinions and Views on the Starting Point of the Emergence of the Ta'ziyeh Demonstrative Form

Mohsen Aghahasani; AmirTeymour Rafiei; Seyed Hassan Qureshi; Hamid Reza Jadidi

Volume 30, Issue 48 , December 2020, , Pages 19-42

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2020.30994.2231

Abstract

It is similar to the reading or ta'ziyeh of authentic Iranian art created to disseminate the culture and concepts of Ashura centuries after the real Ashura. A phenomenon ... Read More

The social consequences of the famines of the Nasserite era

Mohsen Khodadad; Seyed Mohammad Hossein ManzoorAljdad

Volume 20, Issue 7 , November 2010, , Pages 21-43

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.683

Abstract

History of Muslim ophthalmology until the fifth century AH

Zahra Alhooii Nazari

Volume 21, Issue 12 , November 2011, , Pages 23-49

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2013.661

Abstract

Areas of military intervention of the second Pahlavi government in the Dhofar crisis (1351-1357)

Mohammad Jafar Chamankar

Volume 22, Issue 13 , March 2012, , Pages 23-47

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2013.668

Abstract

The arrival of the Kassites to Mesopotamia and its outcomes

Shahram Jalilian; Amir Ali Nia

Volume 22, Issue 16 , November 2012, , Pages 23-46

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.763

Abstract

Most of the researchers believe that the region of middle Zagros and modern Lorestān had been the origin and the first settlement of the people who were called Kassite/Kašo ... Read More

Turkmens and Iranian slavery in the Qajar era

Golam Hossein ZargariNejad; Narges Alipour

Volume 19, Issue 2 , February 2010, , Pages 24-46

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.735

Abstract

Sughd oasis city

Allahyar Khalatbari; Hassan BastaniRad

Volume 20, Issue 5 , April 2010, , Pages 25-56

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.677

Abstract

The idea of restoring the Achaemenid Empire among the Sassanids and the role of the Parthians in this transition

Mohammadtaghi Imanpour

Volume 23, Issue 17 , April 2013, , Pages 25-45

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.726

Abstract

Malkum and Playing Role in Ottoman Tanzimat

Gholamali Pashazadeh

Volume 24, Issue 24 , March 2015, , Pages 25-40

https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2015.805

Abstract

Mirza Malkum Khan Nazem al-Dowleh, the famous Iranian thinker and politician of the nineteenth century, spent about ten years in the Ottoman Empire during the period of Tanzimat and ... Read More